![]() ![]() Oil is a major income source in the Middle Eastern region, which is why the fact that these activities are affecting public health gets ignored. The Middle Eastern region is one of the world’s most enriched areas in terms of oil reserves, especially since the oil discovery in Saudi Arabia back in the 1930s (Nasir et al., 2019). These activities are releasing GHGs emissions and could have adverse health effects as well, if carried near the residential localities. CO 2 emissions count for a substantial proportion of GHGs and are responsible for increasing global warming (EPA, 2019). Hence, there are many reasons to believe that oil production is responsible for greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Another debate that arises from this idea is the fact that oil production increases income, which can improve the overall infrastructure of the country. The types of pollution resulting from oil production are various, including water, soil, and air, and these effects are usually long-lasting. While the methods and technologies used for oil exploration and production are advanced enough, there are certainly some loopholes that impact the overall environment of the neighbouring areas and, in some instances, the entire location as well (Johnston et al., 2019). On a global level, there are over 40,000 oil fields the numbers of people living or working close to these oil fields are 6 million (O’Callaghan-Gordo et al., 2016). It eventually leads to the mid-stream engagement in transmission and downstream sectors involved in the delivery to the end-user. The upstream oil segment is involved in the exploration and production of oil. It may have significant environmental consequences as well. The oil sector does not only contribute to the income of the oil-exporting country. Further, the economy should cut down its dependency on the oil sector to ensure a cleaner environment. It is suggested to use tight environmental policies while formulating economic growth and urbanisation policies. Moreover, the effect of increasing oil income share is found greater than non-oil income, urbanisation, and gasoline price. The increasing oil income share has a more significant positive impact on CO 2 emissions than that of decreasing oil income share. Moreover, a positive asymmetrical impact of oil income share on CO 2 emissions is observed. We also found a positive impact of non-oil income and urbanisation on CO 2 emissions per capita and a negative effect of gasoline price. We found a long-run relationship in our hypothesised model. We use the latest nonlinear cointegration technique to estimate the asymmetrical effects of the oil sector on CO 2 emissions. The present research aims to estimate the effects of non-oil income per capita, the oil sector income share, urbanisation, and gasoline price on the CO 2 emissions per capita in Saudi Arabia throughout 1970–2014. Owing to the country’s over-dependency on the oil sector, increasing greenhouse gas emissions due to economic growth have often been neglected. Saudi Arabia is an oil-abundant country, and gather a significant portion of its income from the oil sector. ![]()
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